Introduction: Stoicism’s Journey into the Heart of Rome Stoicism, a Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens around 300 BCE, emphasized virtue, reason, and living in harmony with nature. While it originated in Greece, Stoicism found a fertile ground in Rome, resonating with Roman ideals of duty, honor, and rational governance. This article […]
Introduction: What Is Existentialism’s Take on Freedom? Existentialism is a philosophical movement that centers on individual existence, freedom, and responsibility. Emerging in the 19th and 20th centuries, it seeks to answer a profoundly human question: what does it mean to be free? For existentialists, freedom is not merely the absence of external constraints or political […]
Plato’s Legacy: Ideal Forms and Political Theory Introduction: Why Plato Still Matters Plato is often called the father of Western philosophy—and for good reason. As a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato sits at a pivotal moment in intellectual history. But what makes his legacy enduring isn’t just his placement in a famous […]
Aristotle’s Influence on Biology and Ethics Introduction: Why Aristotle’s Influence Still Matters Aristotle, Plato’s most famous student, was perhaps the most prolific mind of ancient philosophy. Unlike Plato, who looked toward ideal forms, Aristotle grounded his inquiry in the natural world and observable reality. He wasn’t just a philosopher—he was a biologist, ethicist, logician, political […]
How Socrates Shaped Western Logic Introduction: Before Socrates, There Was Rhetoric In ancient Athens, wisdom was often equated with clever speech. The Sophists taught the art of persuasion—not truth. But then came Socrates, a barefoot philosopher with a sharp tongue and a relentless thirst for clarity. Rather than lecture or boast, Socrates would ask questions. […]
What Did the Pre-Socratics Actually Believe? Introduction: Who Were the Pre-Socratics? Before Socrates changed the direction of Western philosophy with his ethical inquiries, a diverse group of thinkers was already asking fundamental questions about the nature of reality, change, and existence. Known collectively as the Pre-Socratics, these thinkers lived roughly between 600–400 BCE in ancient […]
Timeline of Philosophy: From Thales to Today Introduction: Why Trace the Timeline of Philosophy? Philosophy is often seen as timeless, but it has a history—one shaped by cultures, revolutions, and crises. From the early pre-Socratic thinkers to today’s global voices, the story of philosophy is a vast unfolding of questions about being, truth, ethics, and […]
Review of “Sapiens” by Yuval Noah Harari from a Philosophical Lens Introduction: Why Review “Sapiens” Philosophically? “Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind” by Yuval Noah Harari is often praised as a sweeping historical narrative that charts humanity’s journey from foraging bands to global empires. But beyond its storytelling lies a deeper challenge: Harari asks readers […]
Is It Better to Be Just or Appear Just? The question “Is it better to be just or appear just?” strikes at the heart of ethical philosophy, political theory, and everyday human behavior. Justice is a foundational virtue in societies worldwide — but does justice lie in genuine moral integrity, or is the appearance of […]
Top 5 Religious Texts for Philosophical Insight Introduction: The Bridge Between Religion and Philosophy Philosophy and religion are often separated by academic boundaries, but history tells a different story. Some of the most profound philosophical questions—about existence, the self, morality, suffering, and the cosmos—have been explored not in abstract treatises but in sacred texts. These […]
